Barbarians at the Gate

Barbarians at the Gate are a look back at the events that has lead to the largest leveraged buyout to have ever occurred in history. This involves the buyout of RJR Nabisco, and how its CEO F. Ross Johnson schemes to buy his very own company. However, Johnson stumbles upon another person who intends to take over RJR Nabisco, in the form of Henry Kravis, an investment banker from Wall Street. It is a power struggle between two rich people, with angles including greed, ethics, power or leveraged buy out. But the focus has been the leveraged buy out, as it was history’s biggest company takeover by a financial sponsor (Burrough & Helyar, 2005).The idea of the leveraged buy out of RJR Nabisco sparked when the company is facing the possibility of market failure due to their release of the smokeless tobacco, Premier. As the company’s CEO, F. Ross Johnson felt that he has to take financial control of his own company because the stockholders of the company are unhappy with whatà ¢â‚¬â„¢s happening. There is no growth in their stocks, with their only hope anchored on the release of their smokeless tobacco product. With this effort to revolutionize the smoke industry, the company wished to dominate and monopolize the smokers market.But the result of the initial market tests showed otherwise. Most smokers who responded to the tests said that the cigarette has the smell of fart and the taste of shit. In order to take the situation to a better turn, Johnson as the company’s CEO, sets his eye on the leveraged buy out of his own company in order to keep the stockholders happy. He takes total control over RJR Nabisco, while putting more money in the hands of its stockholders. There is however, a big risk with this action. It’s because when a company opens up to for a leveraged buy out, it’s a free for all fight.Anyone can make a bid for the ownership of the company. But in Johnson’s mind, everything will turn out right, and no one would find out. A leveraged buyout is a good technique to acquire another company by means of large amounts of borrowed money in the form of bonds or loans, in order to reach the cost of acquisition. In here, the asset of the company being acquired is added up to the collateral for the loans being made. This is in order for the company to make large acquisitions without having to put out a lot of capital for the buy.This is clearly what happened to RJR Nabisco, where the company’s assets were used as collateral in order to amass a great sum of money for the buy out. Everything was going well until they stumbled upon a formidable adversary in the form of the Wall Street Investment Banker, Henry Kravis. Kravis entered the scene along with other bidders who are interested in buying the company. Kravis was a part of a group known to be the kings of leveraged buy outs, the Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KRR). KRR successfully buys out the RJR Nabisco from its previous owners at a price of $25 Bn. All the efforts coming from F.Ross Johnson have been put to waste. Barbarians at the Gate are a good exploration of one monolithic event in the history of leveraged buy outs. It clearly shows that anything could happen in the free market. In business, money has always been equated to power, and those who possess both of these usually get their way with things. But that’s not all; you also need to strategically think of every action you will take, because the business world is not a safe place: there would always be barbarians waiting outside the gates. Reference: Burrough, B. , & Helyar, J. (2005). Barbarians at the Gate: The Fall of RJR Nabisco: Collin Publishing.

Health Information Essay

Not only is that important it also needs to be accurate and reliable medical information. All of the above information is not only very important it also impacts the HIPAA privacy rule. The Office for Civil Rights is responsible with its enforcement of the HIPPA Privacy Rule. Not only does it need to be enforced it needs to be constantly upheld at all times. This is necessary to protect both the patient and the medical professionals from unauthorized use of their health records and to allow medical providers access to secure, safe, accurate, and reliable medical information. The demand for information has risen from not only third party payers but in fact has risen from governmental entities. Patients now have to consent in order to accept health care treatment. As a result from the demand for patient information has brought forth a huge development between the law and medicine. There’s also the term informed consent. This is used in law to indicate that the consent a patient gives falls under certain minimum standards. Any informed consent can be said to have been given based upon a clear appreciation and understanding of the facts, implications, and future consequences of an action. Any patient who is concerned must have adequate reasoning faculties and must be in possession of all relevant facts at the time the consent was given. Both of these are needed in order to give an informed consent. To understand the responsibilities that confidentiality and informed consent place on health-care providers, The United States Congress created the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in 1996. This act provides protection of health care coverage for workers, and also protects the privacy and security of medical information. The HIPAA laws allow authorized medical professionals or healthcare organizations to have access to your private medical records. Anything a doctor, nurse or other health professional has written or discussed about your personal medical treatment is confidential. Medical data that is being held by your health insurance company is also kept confidential and also any billing information which is submitted by patients or a medical facility or your health insurance company. HIPAA restricts who can and can’t request access to patient medical information. It is very important that your medical provider have access to all of your health history. There are entities that can access your medical information without your written consent such as: employers, workers compensation are all exempt. School districts, state agencies, and law enforcement agencies or institutions are exempt from HIPAA laws and are not required to follow the privacy and security rules. It is very important that you fully understand your HIPAA rights before anyone consents to release any medical information to organizations that are not required to follow the privacy and security rules HIPPA has put in place to protect confidential information. ROI policies and processes need to be adaptive. The process should be changed to meet new regulatory requirements and technology. Changes to the HIPAA rules regarding the accounting of health information disclosures expected this year have the potential to dramatically expand HIM and ROI responsibilities and pose operable disputes. Health information exchanges are pushing the frequency and scope of how patient information gets transferred. All HIM professionals must continue to remain aware and on top of all changes to ensure HIPAA compliance and change processes accordingly. The HIPAA privacy rule has received both positive and negative effects on the release of patient information by healthcare facilities. The intention of HIPAA was to protect patient privacy and to promote security and confidentiality of all patient information; it has had some unintended consequences for facilities. Some of these unintended effects, discovered about some issues directly related to the release of patient information which has had an impact with the implementation of HIPAA. The biggest issues that were found were. Increases in the public’s misunderstanding about release of patient information, lack of an umbrella policy, regulation defining infractions, enforcement that allows individual institutions to make their own version, and challenges to health information management professionals in controlling safeguards related to release of information given the transition to electronic health records and the increased involvement of information technology. The findings from this research suggest there is a need for additional clarification of the regulations that are governing HIPAA, and its standardized instructions and extensive training of its healthcare workers. I have learned so much about how the release of information impacts the HIPPA Privacy Rule. I do believe the most impact comes from the public because most people don’t understand new health care practices such as: record keeping, obtaining verbal or written consent.

A view from a bridge work book Essay Example for Free

A view from a bridge work book Essay ? Dear Miss Fisher, I have finished reading a view from a bridge & put notes on the power point sheets however I then looked back on it & realised it was illegible! So I wrote it up here, is that ok I’m sorry for the inconvenience, & it won’t happen again. Sorry again, Daisy 🙂 A view from the bridge. 15th September. Research tasks: Who was Arthur Miller? Find autobiographical information about the playwright. Arthur Miller, playwright from New York, became a journalist, worked with Italian immigrants during WWII. Which gave him an outlook Into the Sicilian dreams & inspiration for â€Å"A View From The Bridge. † Miller’s first play flopped, but his second; â€Å"All My Sons† was a massive success. He divorced his first wife in 1961 & married Marilyn Munroe, the reason for this is unknown as apparently they were never really in love & divorced in 1963, it is thought Monroe married him for intelligence & milled married Monroe for beauty, Miller then wrote a play â€Å"After The Fall† that is thought to be based on their relationship. Miller died in 2005. Which other plays has Arthur miller written? Do they have any common themes? â€Å"After The Fall†, â€Å"The Prince†, â€Å"The Archbishop’s Ceiling†, â€Å"The Clock†, â€Å"Broken Glass†, â€Å"All My Sons†, â€Å"Death Of A Salesman†, â€Å"Crucible†. A common theme of Arthur Miller’s play was the examining of an individual in relation to their authority; this means the plays are often considered political. Where is Brooklyn? What was it like in the 1940’s? Who lived & worked there? What sort of environment was it? What’s it like now? Brooklyn is a borough of New York; in the 1940s it had a large Italian population due to the ports near the bridge. Brooklyn was split in two it had the middle class areas such as Flatbush & working class areas like Red Hook, the setting for â€Å"A View The Bridge. † In the mid to late 1940s Brooklyn was enjoying a good period the gang violence was, all though easily noticed, small. As Brooklyn reached the end of the 1940s the borough began a period of decline & by the early 1950s gangsters were ripe & until the 1980s it was classed as a bad place to live. People from all over Europe lived & worked in Brooklyn it also had a large African-American community. Brooklyn now has a safer & cleaner track record with very little gang violence & a large business district the 3rd largest in New York State. Which groups of people immigrated to the United States in the 1940’s? What was life like for them when they arrived? The main groups of people immigrating to the United States in the 1940s were European, particularly Italians & Russians. When they first arrived life would be tough they would usually leave their homelands with nothing & have to find jobs & work quickly so they could live out their own â€Å"American Dream†. Find out as much as you can about Italian-American communities†¦ Which television programmes & films include Italian-American characters? How do they talk? Is this community stereotyped? What values can you identify in this community? The most famous film on Italian-Americans would probably be â€Å"Scarface† a movie based on Italian-American gangster Al Capone, the Italian-American community is stereotyped as a very tight family, which it represents in gangs or mobs, the Italian-American dialect is varied through out Brooklyn, Bugs Bunny has an accent based on the Flatbush dialect. Wikipedia – â€Å"Italian Americans are higher in the rate & degree of the tensing & rising of (oh) & (aeh) than that of Jewish American New Yorkers. † The values of the communities of Italian Americans seem as though they all run everything as a family business, & a tight knit friendship group. What is a ‘tragedy’? Find out the main features or conventions of this type of play. Make sure you go right back to Greek tragedy. A Greek tragedy is a form of art portraying human suffering causing audience pleasure this form has been modernised to usually end a play in a death where all characters end in despair, or worse off than they were at the beginning. Alfieri’s first speech. What have we learnt about the people who live in Red Hook? We have learnt from the opening speech from Alfieri that Red Hook was the slum of Brooklyn & the gullet of New York, Red Hook is portrayed as very violent with no care for the law, but it is now ore civilised & getting better, people are no longer as scared as they were, as Alfieri says: â€Å"I no longer feel the need to keep a gun† It shows Red Hook at one time was extremely intimidating & bad but now much better. Alfieri goes onto mention how his relatives often tell him not to get involved with cases, this shows the Italian-American-tight knit-family-like-ness & how his business seems to be everyone’s business. What does Alfieri mean when he says â€Å"justice is very important† here? When Alfieri says â€Å"justice is very important here† he is using a bit of sarcasm he is commenting on how people do feel justice is important but their own personal justice not the government’s justice. & How people can commit murder believing it is all right because of there own justice. However you feel a sense of irony as he is a lawyer speaking & he is discussing justice that he may well deal with in court. The fact he is a lawyer also shows there is work for lawyers in Red Hook so some sort of governed justice is important. Now the people â€Å"settle for half† instead of using a gun for justice, what does that mean? Alfieri’s comment â€Å"now the people settle for half† is commenting on now that Red Hook has been cleaned up a bit his services a called on more & although it means the person against the allegations may not be killed he will be brought to governed justice & possible face prison. Eddie’s story is not like the ‘petty troubles of the poor. ‘ Why might he come to see Alfieri? Eddie’s story is not like the petty troubles of the poor because we realise through out the book that aside from the immigrants in his house being illegal, they have actually done nothing wrong & although his allegations against Rodolfo being gay are also wrong, it is not illegal to be gay. Alfieri also deals mainly in family squabbles, evictions & compensation cases, but Eddie’s is different because it’s more about jealousy & revenge. A view from a bridge work book. (2017, Oct 08).

Information System in Public Sector Organizations Essay

Information System in Public Sector Organizations - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that with the emergence of modern information technology, firms and government agencies no longer need to take place in the hierarchy. Contrary to the bureaucracies in the past that adopted command and control as well as the inadequate distribution of information, innovation in information technology has made firms and governments to effectively organize what can be done during their day to day operations. Within the public sector organizations, information technology was primarily adopted to automate existing operations and to increase the speed of communication. E-government has therefore positively impacted on the performance of the organizations. This meant that the paperwork and people were replaced by electrons. Before the introduction of internet and extensive use of personal computers, the major objective of technology use in government was enhancing the management effectiveness of the administrators while at the same time increasing the government productivity. With the diffusion of personal computers in the 1980s, public administrators were provided with personal information technology system, leading to a new period of IT use in government systems. On the other hand, learning as a process has positively impacted on the knowledge management. Through learning within the public organizations, knowledge has gained sufficient momentum. Despite the positive implications of e-government and learning, public sector organizations are faced with quite a number of challenges. This paper seeks to discuss the challenges of the implementation of information system in public sector organizations, using the concepts of e-government and learning in theory and in practice. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) were noted to have a strong impact on the way the public administrators performed their duties. For instance, ICT assisted in service and information delivery, the creation of a networked structure for interc onnectivity, effectiveness and efficiency interactivity, decentralization, and accountability among other aspects. E-government entails utilization of internet and the World-Wide-Web to deliver government information and services to citizens.

Assessment Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assessment Evidence - Essay Example And the various seasons: summer, fall, winter, spring. Students will have an oral test at the end of this unit to test their understanding. The purpose of the test will be to test whether they can differentiate and describe various element of weather and seasons. Some of the issue that the student will be asked to describe are: what is whether and why do we care? Describe the various elements of weather and seasons? How do season and whether affect our environment? How do seasons and weather affect the way we live? Student will be given an opportunity to ask questions to clarify anything. After every lesson student will be asked to do home work about a part discussed in class in class. The homework will be an activity question; the student will be allowed to engage their brothers, sister, and parents. The aim of the homework will be to ensure the student develop interest in with the environment. And ensure they discuss it even out of class. Example of such assessment is: 3) The teacher will describe the various season and weather experienced in the different place, and the activities carried out there, then give advantages and disadvantages of living in such places, Ask students if they would enjoy living in a place like that. Let the student explain their

Diversity Management, a New Organizational Paradigm for Equality Essay

Diversity Management, a New Organizational Paradigm for Equality Policy-Making - Essay Example According to the paper the different diversity can be categorized into two, the social allied and the individual allied. In the social diversity, it is further subdivided into what is referred to as the six strands of diversity, which includes; ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation, gender, age, and religion. In the individual differences, they can be classified into the following castes; personality, lifestyle, appearance, work style and education. The equal opportunity tends to downplay the aspect of discrimination based on the diversity factor. It is hinged on the emphasis of equal treatment of the individuals regardless of their social groups. The equal opportunity aspect is anti-discrimination program intended to provide relative social justice in the process of individual selection. From this study it is clear that most of the human resource managers in organization today appreciates the need to embrace diversity in the human resource and they have realized that if taken po sitively, the diversity aspect can make an organization realize it goals in the most efficient and predictable way. The tolerance for counterparts in the work place is highly encouraged and any discrimination unfairly advanced to anybody be it on social or individual level is taken seriously sometimes to the legal redress. How Management of Diversity Has Contributed To Equal Opportunity The realization of the dangers of discrimination based on diversity led to the consideration of what is referred to as Equal Opportunity. In the equal opportunity aspect, politics have gotten into it and there are several schools of thoughts, other arguing that it is like a baskets of fruits -this it to mean that even though there is equal treatment and opportunity for all, individual differences can still be recognized and be used in their reference. The other school of thought is that equal opportunity is like a melting pot, it assumes that under equal opportunity there is no recognizable differenc e among those to be considered. In this regard, the neo classical and the sociological approaches of understanding equal opportunities are interchangeably used to satisfy certain selection criterion. The union of trade organization has addressed the issues, laws have been enacted in the legislative assemblies, and the issue of equal opportunity has become not just a matter of benevolence but also that o procedural way of going about things. Acts of parliaments have been adopted and violations of the acts by anybody in the employment area will be liable for the charges of demonstrating discriminatory tendencies of a given nature.

Analysis of The Secret Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of The Secret - Essay Example The film explicit that human mind is full of negative and positive thoughts. However, in the overall thinking process either positivity or negativity gets complete hold of the mind. If the mind is under the control of positive attraction then things that people plan to achieve are acquired easily (â€Å"The Secret†, n. p.). This concept of positive attraction has actually played a significant role in my coming to the college such that all through my childhood and early teenage I heard and saw people enjoying their college life and building successful careers. Since then onwards I developed an entirely positive thinking about getting into the college. As it is explained in the film that internal positivity attracts external positivity (â€Å"The Secret†, n. p.), the same thing happened with me. I began to make friends who were also fond of getting into college with the similar positive thoughts and intensity. Since through the initial point I had concentrated on the posi tive attributes of college therefore ultimately I ended up in gaining positive outcomes. Visualization, affirmation and law of attraction can be explained as the core principles leading towards a successful and contented life (â€Å"The Secret†, n. p.). Let’s consider visualization, whatever I will be thinking about in my college life that I will visualize in my mind throughout that period. For instance, I can use this principle to be a competent student in my college through visualizing its positive and long lasting outcomes. Moreover, I can visualize myself as the best student of the year so as to remain motivated, to strive more and learn more. The second principle talks about affirmation which is actually correlated with the principle of visualization. For instance, in order to be a successful student and later a successful professional I will have to be affirmative upon my visualization such that whatever my mind is thinking about is all attainable and achievable. Building affirmation is slightly more difficult than visualizing what you want and therefore it must be supported by positive and highly acknowledgeable individuals who have already attained what I am striving for (â€Å"The Secret†, n. p.). This will significantly help me in affirming my visual thinking while simultaneously aligning all the academic goals and objectives of my life with my thoughts. Last is the law of attraction, as discussed in the film visualization and law of attraction play an equivalent role in a person’s life since I will visualize things towards which I am actually attracted (â€Å"The Secret†, n. p.). For instance, I like seeing people getting high grades and having good academic records; therefore, I am always attracted to higher grades and visualize the same for myself. Since our attractions are also attracted towards ourselves due to positive emissions therefore I will be careful in building attractions towards different things in my college life so as to eliminate all those elements of the college environment which are not consistent with my academic goals. For further explanation following are the examples of how I will use all three principles in order to achieve success in my college life. Visualization: I can use this principle through imagining that I have got the best college teachers. In addition to this I can imagine having highest grades in college while maintaining good record of extracurricular activities. Affirmation: Affirmation of what I am visualizing is the most important part of the overall process which

Take home exam. 3 cases not to be more then 6 total pages Essay

Take home exam. 3 cases not to be more then 6 total pages - Essay Example 10 (par. 1)2, of the Constitution.3 The Court’s majority opinion (delivered by Chief Justice Taney) found for the defendants (Warren Bridge proprietors). After first citing the relevant language in Court’s prior holding in Satterlee v. Matthewson (27 U.S. 380, 1829)—â€Å"If the State law is said to be retrospective, be it so. But retrospective laws which do not impair the obligation of contracts or partake of the character of ex post facto laws are not condemned or forbidden by any part of the instrument [Constitution of the United States] (Id., at 413)†Ã¢â‚¬â€and admitting quite candidly that the free passage character of the Warren Bridge had rendered the Charles River Bridge franchise of no value, stated that nonetheless the complainants’ saw â€Å"None of the faculties or franchises granted to that corporation †¦ revoked by the Legislature, and its right to take tolls granted by the charter remains unaltered [36 U.S. 430, at 549].† Of greater import than the specifics of the case in question was the thinking of the Court on the implications of a decision in favor of the complainants. Chief Justice Taney addressed these in a series of rhetorical questions and answers. â€Å"And what would be the fruits of this doctrine of implied contracts on the part of the states and of property in a line of travel by a corporation if it were now sanctioned by the Court? To what results would it lead us to? If it is to be found in the charter to this bridge, the same process of reasoning must discover it in the various acts which have been passed within the last forty years for turnpike companies. And what is to be the extent of the privileges of exclusion on the different sides of the road†¦ The millions of property which have been invested in railroads and canals upon lines of travel will be put in jeopardy [Id., at 552].† Justice Story argued in dissent. While he detailed a number of points at

Learning Science, Mathematics and Technology with Children's Essay

Learning Science, Mathematics and Technology with Children's Engagement in Play - Essay Example It will be learned that Science, Math and Technology concepts and skills are acquired while children engage in play. Math and Science are all around. Children usually see numbers on television channels, telephones, their house numbers, on tag prices, etc. They may also witness their mothers in the kitchen as they cook following recipes that specify the measured ingredients. Science is likewise ever-present as they discover how things work, observe change in things, use their senses in learning about their world. Technology is likewise accessible to them. This is not limited to what most adults know about technology as electronic gadgets or computerized contraptions. Technology includes processes people use to solve a problem deliberately. Adults should respect how young children want to try their hand in working with technology (Mortlock, 2005). It is for the children to discover how technology will work for them and make tasks more convenient such as using cups or buckets in the san dbox to create more defined mounds of sand instead of just a hump they shape out of their hands. The following will discuss how science, math and technology interplay in the messy play of infants, sand play of toddlers and block play of pre-schoolers. These activities come naturally for children that they do not need any specific instructions from adults. Messy But Busy Babies† In the Stages of Cognitive Development of Piaget, children from 0 – 2 years of age belong to the Sensorimotor Stage. This period is characterized by interactions with the environment based on the child’s reception of sensory input and muscular reactions. The task of this period is to develop the concept of object permanence, the idea that objects exist even when they cannot be seen or heard. (Brewer, 2001). Infants are sensorial learners and they are awed by the possibilities of the objects around them. When they engage in messy play, they get to touch things and feel its textures, see the object up close so details may be inspected. They even get to smell or in most cases, taste objects because it is in their nature to learn about things by putting it in their mouths. Science is at work when they notice changes in things, such as when a drop of paint blots on the paper when an object passes on it. They also get to notice tracks or prints of objects such as car wheels or rollers when these make impressions with paint on paper. They learn math when they see the colors and shapes of the toys they play with and get to feel the dimensions of shapes when they touch these with their hands. They would know that circles have no angles and that squares have 4 sides. When they are handed things like sponges or small rubber stamps for printing, they realize that these may serve as technology to leave imprints when dipped in paint. Allowed to explore paints and things during messy play gives them several learning opportunities about how things work in the world and what they can do with these things to cause an effect such as rolling a plastic care over paint and seeing the tracks they can make from it. Curious Tykes in the Sandbox Toddlers continue to enjoy sensorial play and they love playing with open-ended materials such as sand and water. They learn many scientific concepts with sand. Pouring various amounts of water on sand creates different textures and this dictates how firm the sand will mold into the

Sodium Chloride An Important Compound Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sodium Chloride An Important Compound - Essay Example Moreover, it is also found in the ancient bedrock all over the planet in the form of thick layers in places where water bodies used to exist in the form of salt lakes and seas, all of which have evaporated millions of years ago. About 4,700 years ago, the Chinese Png-tzao-kan-mu, one of the earliest known writings, recorded more than 40 types of salt. Ancient civilizations have used salt as one of the vital supplements in diet, with archaeological evidence of Iron Age salt-making largely based upon the discovery of remnants of coarse pottery vessels and supporting pillars recognized as being connected with salt-making and known as briquettage. In Britain, lead salt pans were used by the Romans at Middlewich, Nantwich and Northwich and excavations at Middlewich and Nantwich have revealed extensive salt-making settlements. Moreover, writings on salt no doubt also existed on the clay tablets of Ancient Babylon and on Egyptian papyri. Even without written evidence we can be fairly certain that salt-making and use was a feature of life in all ancient communities. Considering it's chemical and physical properties, Sodium Chloride is usually found as a clear or whit

Plagiarism & taking credit Essay Example for Free

Plagiarism taking credit Essay Plagiarism is taking credit for work performed by others. This type of academic dishonesty can take many forms. The most obvious example would be cutting and pasting information from a web-site and turning the paper in as one’s own work. Another obvious example would be working with someone else on a paper. If the student claims sole authorship of the paper in question, it would be plagiarism because he/she had the help and input of another person in the writing of the paper. Also, any time exact words (more precisely, strings of three or more words) are taken from an outside source they must be placed inside quotation marks and correctly cited. Failure to do so would constitute plagiarism. Incorrect citations – where one author is credited with the idea when in fact the idea belongs to a second author – constitute plagiarism. Additionally, citing a work that you have not actually read would be an example of plagiarism. Plagiarism and academic dishonesty in general carry heavy consequences. These consequences include losing marks on assignments, receiving a failing grade, losing personal integrity, and being subject to disciplinary sanctions. These consequences can have severe negative impacts on a student’s future career. Professors would not be willing to write recommendations for students who have been convicted of academic misconduct, and the university administration would be able to alert people contacting the university that a particular student has been convicted of this serious offence. These consequences are particularly serious in fields where personal integrity and honesty are of great importance. In order to avoid the charge of plagiarism, certain protocols must be followed. Whenever information or ideas is taken from an outside source, the source of this information must be cited using an appropriate citation style (such as APA). These outside sources must be cited within the text itself and in the reference list. Students must also be sure that they actually read any source that they cite in a paper. In order to ensure that this is done, students must submit the first page of any outside source they consulted in the preparation of a research paper. Students must also be sure that they do not incorrectly attribute authorship. For example, if a source that the student consulted supplied information taken from another source, the student must actually obtain, read, and cite this second source if they want to include that information in their paper. If a student has any questions about possible plagiarism on a paper, the student must ask the professor before the paper’s deadline. I have reviewed the attached documents, and I understand them.

Management and Sm Essay Example for Free

Management and Sm Essay Answer : yes its will get long time strategy and its will be from 1 year up 3 year maybe its be long time strategy until the clear and understand about the policy and situation of this SM (mamp;M) believe in determinism, that is, the choices they make are determined by their internal and external environments, are proactive, shape ideas, and change the way people think about what is desirable, possible, and necessary more willing to invest in innovation, human capital, and creating and maintaining an effective culture to ensure long-term viability focus on tacit knowledge and develop strategies as communal forms of tacit knowledge that promote enactment of a vision, see themselves as conservators and regulators of existing order; sense of who they are depends on their role in organization Note :Recent reports indicate the continued preference of Ramalingam Rajus style of management by the old employees of Satyam and the fact that such employees feel that they are being managed by out siders. It is also rumored that it is these employees who are now trying to switch their jobs. Of course, the SM management is doing its best to win over such employees and is taking pro-active steps to dissipate such rumors. 2. What HR strategy would you recommend for SM to inculcate a sense of belongingness, loyalty and improved performance of its employees? Answer: * The Sm its very important role is playing for the improve of loyalty of employees and performance of employees, * The SM its master the competence of sm ,which discuses methodologies of tolerating and managing stress one needs to climb which are stress tolerance and impulse controls ,respectively . Focus on corporate strategy, and try to pinpoint at least three goals of the strategy as stated by upper-level management. Create human resource performance indicators that are closely tied to the strategy objectives for the organization. Focus on both short- and long-term strategy objectives. For instance, suppose if its has SM . Theres a strong link between experience and education in terms of employee performance , Figure out how management measures strategy implementation. Connect the human resource performance goals to managements measurement. The sales staff or the employees that interface directly with customers are usually the easiest to measure in terms of performance. This may be an ideal group to measure. Track the connection between strategic management goals and human resource performance goals, and try to identify trends in human resource actions/strategy and the overall corporate strategy. It is important to be able to link the connection using the same measurement criteria as management to improve the SM . short-term performance of a business and its underlying health—that is, involved in situations and contexts characteristic of day-to-day activities, its ability to sustain and improve performance year after year after year. They also may need to manage their companies differently. view work as an enabling process involving some combination of ideas and people interacting to establish strategies

History Of Pragmatic Transfer English Language Essay

History Of Pragmatic Transfer English Language Essay Abstract The purpose of this study is to find out whether pragmatic transfer takes place in Saudis compliment responses (particularly males). It also touches the part of language proficiency and its effects on pragmatic competence. Additionally, it shows the differences and the similarities between natives compliments, compliment responses and Saudi males compliments and compliment responses. The subjects were three groups: natives and non-native English teachers and non-native and non-English teachers. I used the discourse completion test to come up with valid various results. It has been found that there are no differences in compliments between Saudi males and native speakers of English. Secondly, when responses to compliments are to be said, differences arise. From the study, it was discovered that Saudi males do not produce target-like compliment responses. Moreover, language proficiency does not play a major role in pragmatic competence. As the I noticed from the responses to compliments that Saudi males whether majoring in English or not, they produce the same responses except that the English teachers group translate the responses literally into English. What does pragmatic transfer mean? And does it have to do with proficiency of language? Is it a fundamental issue in second language acquisition? What do we mean by a compliment? How does compliment responses cause communication breakdown? Pragmatic transfer is defined as the influence of learners pragmatic knowledge of language and culture other than the target language on their comprehension, production, and acquisition of L2 pragmatic information (Rizk 2003, p. 404). Pragmatic competence is absolutely essential in face-to-face interactions in a foreign language. Children acquire pragmatic competence in their native language through interaction with their parents or older children, in other words, engagement in contextualized communicative activities. They receive continuous feedback from parents and peers who form appropriate routines, establish rules, and correct childrens inappropriate behavior. This feedback contributes to the acquisition of the pragmatic skills required to function in their community. In contrast, most adult foreign language learners lack that type of input. Consequently, the classroom becomes the most important, and maybe the only, source of relevant input for the enhancing of their pragmatic competence. Compliments are a kind of speech acts that is said in everyday conversations. In fact, paying different compliments and responding differently is dependent on cultures and situational conversations. Some cultures use a lot of compliments and praises whereas others may find it as a kind of insincerity. Therefore, cross-cultural communications occur and sometimes may cause a kind of insulting to the other partner involved in a conversation. Al-khatib 2 I have never come across any study on the Saudi community in terms of compliment responses which encourages me to conduct such a study. However, many studies were done on several societies that reflect the significance of carrying out such studies. The importance of the present study arises where People think that ESL Learners must learn just grammar rules and writing styles in classrooms whereas other aspects of the language can be acquired through experience or watching T.V. Actually, it can be done this way, however, we do not know how much time will be allocated for it and how well learners would acquire semantic meanings without any guidance to make the situations clearer and more intelligible. Having done this, ESL learners will lack the appropriate ways of communication with native speakers of a particular language or even non-natives in everyday dialogues. In my opinion, linguistic mistakes can be corrected and the person would be considered that he is not grammatically competent. However, semantic or pragmatic mistakes may cause offence to the other person. Additionally, it might lead to miscommunication and misunderstanding which results in communicative breakdown. Basically, communicative breakdown is communicative failure in which conversations halt at this point. When misunderstanding takes place, none of the partners know what to say or how to reply to such expressions. Unawareness of the others culture is the major cause of this problem. Therefore, teaching pragmatics is fundamental in ESL classes to enable the students speak the target language confidently and appropriately. Pragmatic competence is as essential and important as linguistic competence. Being linguistically competent does not necessarily means that you are pragmatically competent. In fact, being able to construct grammatically correct sentences does not mean that theses sentences are pragmatically appropriate or even acceptable. I am going to shed a light on all these early mentioned topics, finding out from the result how pragmatic competence is important for SL learners. Literature review: Intercultural miscommunications often occur when ESL Learners fall back on their L1 in realizing any kind of speech act in L2. In fact, the lacking of the target language expressions and culture forces students to do Al-khatib 3 that. That what is meant by pragmatic transfer according to Rizk(2005). There are two kinds of pragmatic transfer: positive which is considered to be a proof of pragmatic universality among languages, and negative transfer which is being not able to understand the target language which always results in pragmatic failure. Negative pragmatic transfer, as Rizk (2003) explains, takes the form of translating some formulaic expressions/ phrases functioning to express different speech acts in (L1) to express the equivalent speech act in L2. (p.405). El Samaty (2005) mentions one factor that may influence pragmatic transfer and that is learners awareness of what constitutes a language specific or a universal issue (p.342). Learners would not transfer an L1 pragmatic feature to L2 if they know that it is language specific. In fact, language specific refers to the features or expressions of a language which cannot be used in other languages. Pragmatic studies which deal with different speech acts have not been conducted till recently. These studies focused on L1 in most cases, however later, L2 and cross-cultural communications have been introduced. The L2 pragmatic transfer researches have shown that in spite of being linguistically competent in a second language, learners are likely to transfer L1 pragmatic rules in their L2 production (El Samaty, 2005). Takahashi and Beebe (1998) theorized that there is a positive relation between L2 proficiency and pragmatic transfer. They argued that more proficient learners tend to transfer L1 socio-cultural norms more than less proficient learners because they have enough control over L2 to express L1 sentiments at a high pragmatic level. Eslami-Rasekh (2004) backs this claim stating that linguistically competent learners do not necessarily possess comparable pragmatic competence. Even grammatically advanced learners may use language inappropriately and show differences from targe t-language pragmatic norms.   Ã‚   In 1986, Blum-kulka and Olshtain used discourse completion tests to analyze the utterance length of requesting strategies in Hebrew. They collected the data from non-native speakers of Hebrew at three proficiency levels, and they found out that high-intermediate learners produced utterances longer than the utterances of low-intermediate and advanced learners, which was considered by the researchers as pragmatic failure ( Ghawi 2002, p.39). Compliments in both Arabic (Saudi culture) and American cultures: Compliments have been defined by a lot of linguists. Compliments in short are praise that are said to people Al-khatib 4 to make them happy or to encourage and congratulate them on their success they achieve. Every culture has different types of compliments. Moreover, every culture uses various compliments according to variable situations. Therefore, cultures get distinguished from each other. Many people think that they can pay any kind of compliments to people coming from different cultures claiming that we are giving praise, so it is fine. In fact, it is not for several reasons. Firstly, compliments might be rarely used in a particular culture which people might think that it is a kind of being in love or trying to get the other partner to your side. Secondly, some compliments in a specific culture might be considered insults in other cultures. For instance, we cannot compliment on a girl saying you are fat in Arabic or even Malaysian or European cultures whereas the same clause can be understood as a compliment in the African culture. Saudi culture is a part of the Arabic culture except for very few differences in terms of politeness and some other speech acts. In fact, Saudis usually pay compliments on several things such as appearance, traits, and personal skills. It is not something strange that Saudis frequently give complements; Arabs in general like to pay much praise to each other. It seems that it is purposeful in a way that it keeps the relations among friends and relatives more intimate and it can be a tool sometimes to please somebody whom you feel that you upset her/him. English in Saudi Arabia is considered a foreign language. The medium of instruction at school, colleges and universities is Arabic except in English departments where English is applied as the medium of instruction. Culture is carried and delivered through language, however, since the language is still not completely there, so the culture would not be understood. Therefore, very few people speak English fluently and clearly. In fact, e ven the ones who speak fluently, they still have some problems with the western (English) culture. Consequently, pragmatic errors will appear in their speech. Compliments form. Compliment form refers to the kind of language used to express the compliment. The compliments differed in their length, use of metaphor and comparatives, and to some extent, syntactic structure. They were also similar in that both Saudi and American compliments were primarily adjectival in that an adjective was responsible for their positive meaning. The American compliments are short, as in (1) through (3). Al-khatib 5 (1) You look great. (2) Your car is nice. (3) Good job. If we compare the American compliments to the Arabic compliments (Saudi in particular) we will find out that Saudi compliments are longer than the American ones. Consider this example: Eeh alhalawa dee ya wad, 3l3amar doobu tele2, 3rhamna ya sheek ya heelou. What is all this smartness man? The moon has just appeared! We cannot take it! The length of the Saudi compliments appears to be related to two features of Arabic discourse: 1) Repetition of almost the same idea with a change in words and. 2) The use of several adjectives in a series. The use of metaphor in Arabic culture varies from the American culture. In Arabic culture, the moon is the symbol of beauty because it appears at night where the world is full of dark, however, the moon shines up there lighting the landscape. Therefore, Arabs compare good-looking people with the moon. However, as we noticed from the previous examples of compliments by Americans and Saudis, both are using adjectives in their compliments. All these words (in English: great, nice, good) and ( in Arabic: helou, sheek= sweet, gentle) are adjectives. 2 Attributes praised. There is no difference between the American and the Saudi culture when it comes to the kinds of attributes that people tend to compliment upon. Most of the situations where compliments are appropriate to be said and responded to are similar. Basically, Saudis and Americans usually pay compliments on appearance, skills, and traits. Appearance refers to ones look and included haircuts, eyes, and clothing. Skills refers to the quality of something produced or done. Traits refer to personality characteristics such as kindness, politeness and intelligence. Compliment responses Responses to requests or apology can be easy and limited. These two kinds of speech acts might not differ much in most languages. Additionally, the responses can be shortened by saying either yes or no. However, when it comes to compliment responses a lot of things must be considered such as the kind of the Al-khatib 6 said compliment, the relationship between the speaker and the recipient and the culture. Both Americans and Saudis respond totally, differently to compliments. In fact, cultures play a major role in the responses. Usually, Arabs respond to compliments by returning another compliment which is quite strange to people from different cultures especially Americans. One of the compliment responses by Saudis was you are more handsome. Such a response may be problematic to people from another culture. Research questions As I mentioned earlier, the purpose of this study is to examine pragmatic transfer in compliment responses by Arabic learners of English(Saudis in particular). Three related research questions emerged: What are the similarities and differences in compliments and compliments responses between male NSs and Saudi male NNSs of English? When speaking in English, will Saudis males compliment responses be closer to Arabic or English? To what extent language proficiency plays a role in their use of compliment responses? To answer these types of questions we should first collect the data of the study which was done on the subjects. Methodology For more valid and practical results I have chosen 3 groups to conduct my study upon. The subjects are all males and they are in 30s. In fact, the reason behind not choosing females is that the study was done in Saudi Arabia where it is so difficult to approach any woman. Additionally, all academic institutions are separate meaning that each gender (female, male) is in totally separate place and men are not allowed to enter ladies sections. Therefore, it was easier to choose just males. Group1: 10 Americans (native speakers of English) English teachers. Group 2: 10 Saudis (non-natives+ advanced learners, they are level 7) Group 3: 10 Saudis (non-native+ low intermediate, they are level 2) Al-khatib 7 Actually, these learners are students at Direct English institute in Saudi Arabia. In this institute, there are 8 levels starting from 1 till 8. They take 7 classes in English weekly; five classes with bilinguals and two classes with native speakers. In each level students take the same amount of classes and each level lasts for six weeks. The level of proficiency was taken according to this classification. Tool: Discourse Completion Test. The tool consists of 5 scenarios created by the researcher. The subjects are expected to respond to the compliments given in the scenarios. Additionally, observation also has been used to come up with more valid results. First scenario: You are wearing new blue jeans. Your friend complimented you you look handsome, blue is great on you You sayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Americans responded to the compliment with acceptance saying thanks or you really made my day. Those who responded in Arabic said but you are more handsome/this is because you have a good taste/ really? Swear to God. The third group who responded in English said your eyes are beautiful and they see everything beautiful others responded: I bought it in the sales, it is so cheap. Just one person said: thanks, I like it too Second scenario You have just ended a computer game scoring a very high score that many of your friends could not reach this point. One paid you a compliment you are so skillful and professional in this game You sayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Some Americans respond to the compliment with comment history saying thanks, I played this game hundreds of time. Others said do you want me to help you? Al-khatib 8 The second group who responded in Arabic said: stop making fun of me The third group who responded in English said: are you serious? I do not think so. You are just complimenting me. Third scenario You always come by time whenever there is a meeting or a party; one gave you a compliment you are very punctual You say à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Americans responded to the compliment with comment acceptance saying thanks, it is my favorite habit The first group who responded in Arabic said thanks, so are you . Those who responded in English said but you are more punctual/ I think you are the symbol of punctuality. Forth scenario: Your friends are in your house. And then you served them tea. One of your friends complimented on it saying the tea is very sweet and delicious you sayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Americans responded to compliments with acceptance saying thank you some responded with acceptance offering the recipe: would you like the recipe? Those who responded in Arabic said:that is because your taste is sweet and you taste everything sweet/ your taste is distinct in that you know which is delicious and which is nasty., Those who responded in English said: I dipped my sweet finger in it that is why it is sweet. others responded: but you are much sweeter than the tea. Fifth scenario: You solved a very tough equation in the class that no one could do it. Your professor was impressed with you. When you left, your friend paid you a compliment you are excellent, man Al-khatib 9 You sayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Americans responded with comment acceptance: thanks, but I was studying hard last night and others offered their help do you want me to help you? Those who responded in Arabic said do you really think so? I know you are just complimenting me. Those who responded in English translate literally from Arabic saying but you are better Sixth scenario: You redecorated your house in a very eye-catching way. Some visitors came over and paid you a very wonderful compliment saying: what a beautiful decoration!! You are very tasteful. You sayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Americans simply responded with comment acceptance saying: thanks a lot, you really made my day others responded this way: actually it took me too long The second group who responded in Arabic said: thanks, you are very tasteful as well. The third group who simply translated from Arabic into English responded I do not think so. Do you really mean it or just complimenting? others said please no compliments, speak the truth; is it beautiful or not? Results and findings Based on the data collected from all the subjects and from observation, I have found out the following results: There are similarities in compliments between American and Saudi males in that both compliment on the same attributes which are: traits, appearance, skills. Moreover, from my observation I found out that several other cultures such as Malaysian and Indians compliment on the same attributes which refer to positive pragmatic transfer shared by several cultures. There are many differences when it comes to compliment responses between American and Saudi Al-khatib 10 males in which Saudi males do not produce target-like compliment responses. Alternatively, they bring about some expressions from their L1, which is Arabic, into English. In fact, this is exactly what negative pragmatic transfer means. People from different cultures will not understand what is meant by such responses; so they tend to translate it literally. Consequently, they find it very insulting because they do not understand the speakers cultural purpose behind it. Eventually, this will lead them to communicative breakdown. Being linguistically competent does not mean you are pragmatically competent. In fact, proficiency in L2 does not necessarily lead to pragmatic competence in the target language as we noticed this from the responses. Advanced learners and low intermediate learners responded identically except that the advance learners translated the expressions from Arabic into English whereas the low intermediate learners responded in Arabic because they still have not got the ability to make grammatically correct sentences. Al-khatib 11 Conclusion Pragmatic competence is very crucial in learning any language. In my opinion, it is as important as linguistic competence. EFL/ESL teachers and curriculum designers should equally focus on enriching learners with cultural aspects of the language as well as the linguistic aspects. Learners have to be aware of the target language culture in order to comprehend the language better and to be able to produce pragmatically correct sentences. Consequently, communicative breakdown will gradually disappear in their speech. Culture is a fundamental factor in learning languages because it is responsible for the different speech acts produced by its native speakers. Basically, it is the bottom line for those who want to master the target language. Additionally, EFL teachers should expose their students and encourage them to expose themselves as much as possible to the target language through TV programs, shows, movies, and news. It enhances the ability of mastering the target language. Limitations of the study The study aimed to find out whether Saudis produce target-like compliment responses or not. In fact, it asserts that there is a problem in terms of responding to compliments. However, it did not state some solutions to such a problematic issue. Therefore, I would suggest a research area for the future to find out some practical solutions to this problem. Moreover, there is another area of research as well which is can we teach pragmatic competence to SL learners as well as we are teaching linguistic competence? Is it possible? How would it be successful to the level of learners? What are the good methods that can be applied to teach pragmatic competence? Al-khatib 12

The Influence of the Protestant Religion on the American Revolution Ess

The origins, aims and course of the American Revolution were influenced by a number of factors. The causes of the American Revolution have been put down to economic, social and political factors, which have then continued to influence the course and finally the outcome of America's conflict with Britain. Economic factors concerning trade and slavery have been put down to being part of the cause of the American Revolution. Yet historians have often debated the influence that Protestantism had on the revolution. The majority of the population of the colonies were Puritan but there were various diverse angles of religion. The two largest churches were the Presbyterians and the Congregationalists, but the colonies were also made up of many other faiths such as Anglicans, Baptists or pacifist groups such as Quakers. Religion was a very important part of colonial life and the colonists were much more concerned with religious aspects than political controversy. Yet although religion played a major part of the colonists' lives, it actual affect on the American Revolution itself is debatable: "Religion was present in the revolution, considered in a restricted framework; it was thoroughly engaged by it and multi-faceted. It is difficult to make the case, however, that religious ingredients - even broadly defined- played a definitive or even markedly innovative role."[1] John F. Wilson acknowledges that religion did have an affect on the revolution but also argues that perhaps Protestantism had a lesser affect on the revolution as a whole than other factors such as economic aspects. Some historians have attributed the Great Awakening to be on... ...0. Edward Countryman, The American Revolution (Penguin Books Ltd) 1985. Jack P. Green and J. R. Pole, The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, (Blackwell Publishers) 1991. J.C.D Clark, The Language of Liberty 1660-1832 (University of Cambridge) 1994. Alfred F. Young, The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism, (Northern Illinois University Press) 1976. Robert A. Gross, The Minutemen and their World, (Hill and Wang) 1976. Websites and Journals Jerald C. Brauer, Protestantism in America: A Narrative History (Chapter 4- "Religion and Revolution) http://www.religion-online.org/cgi-bin/relsearchd.dll/showchapter?chapter_id=1968 John F. Wilson, Religion and Revolution in American History, "Journal of Interdisciplinary History," Vol. 23, No. 3, Religion and History. (Winter, 1993), pp. 597-613.

The Purpose of Education: Empowering Individuals Essay -- Philosophy o

Purpose of Education: Empowering Individuals Every now and then I think about my education from kindergarten through senior year of high school and I wonder where I would be and who I would be without it. I have realized that those thirteen years of my life were essential to my development as an individual, for they have shaped me into the person I am today. Education provides people with guidance and practical skills necessary in everyday life. For example, when we are purchasing something, we deal with money. Who do we owe the quick calculation we make as we pay for these items? Thanks to our first, second, and third grade teachers for teaching us to add, subtract, multiply, and divide at such a young age. The math skills we acquire at an age when we do not see the importance is something we carry with us throughout our lives. When driving a distance to visit a loved one, the street signs are very practical. What if we could not read? Thanks to our kindergarten teacher who started us off with reading the words â€Å"cat† and â€Å"dog.† Then we can thank the first grade and second grade teacher who taught us how to write sentences, for if we cannot make it to see our loved ones who live far away, we can write them a letter. The basic education that we are provided with in elementary school helps us to make it through a world which requires our mastery of basic skills. Yet, these basic skills are not enough, for we continue going to school after...

The Black Death Essay -- Diseases, Disorders

The Black Death was an extensive epidemic that spread across Europe from 1346 to 1353, killing over an estimated one-third of Europe’s entire population (Medieval World 56). Although historians are not entirely sure of its origin, the Black Death spread quickly across both Europe and Asia with a death toll that augmented rapidly. The plague also had unusual and deadly symptoms, causing â€Å"panic everywhere, with men and women knowing no way to stop death except to flee from it† (Kohn 28). The chaos created by the malevolent force of the Black Death impacted the society of Europe as a whole. Despite the extent of the Black Death, we know surprisingly little of it (Cartwright and Biddiss 38); however, historians have presented numerous theories of its origin and spread, uncovered records of deaths, symptoms and other characteristics, and have found political records, art, and other documents recalling the plague and its impact on Europe. During the early 1320s, the bacterium Yersinia pestis (Zahler 22-25) that causes bubonic plague erupted in the Gobi Desert along trade routes possibly because of the previous Ice Age uncovering the prehistoric bacteria (Nox). The plague then quickly traveled through merchants along the Silk Road and Black Sea, spreading to both China and possibly India (Zahler 31-32). In 1347 the plague reached parts of Sicily, Marseilles, Alexandria, and Constantinople through trade, starting the period of the Black Death in Europe (138-141); however, some records also have shown that the plague was spread from Russia to Genoa to Italy, France, and Germany in 1348 through warfare from the Tartars (Cartwright and Biddiss 36-37). The Black Death then continued to spread across Europe until 1352 when the period of the ... ... (53). Works Cited Byrne, Joseph P. The Black Death. Wesport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2004. Cartwright, Frederick F. and Michael D. Biddis, George Child. Disease and History. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1972. Corbishley, Mark. The Midieval World. New York: Peter Frederick Books, 1993. Kohn, George Child. Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence from Ancient Times to the Present. New York: Facts on File, 2001. Macdonald, Fiona. The Plague and Medicine in the Middle Ages. Milwaukee, Winsconsin: World Almanac Library, 2006. Midieval World. 1. Danbury, Connecticut: Brown Patworks Limited, 2001. Nox, E.L. Skip. "The Middle Ages: The Black Death." boisestate.edu. Boise State University, 1995. Web. 13 Feb 2012. . Zahler, Diane. The Black Death. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, 2009.

Living at Home Versus Living in an Apartment Essay

People do not realize how different living at home and living in an apartment is until they compare the two. Other people don’t realize it until they are actually out on their own. There are many differences when a person is living at home compared to living in an apartment. In this essay we will look at the differences of the two. One difference between living at home and living in an apartment is how the bills get paid. When living at home parents or whoever the person lives with pays all the bills and buys all the food. Even if the person has to pay for anything while living at home, I’m sure it is just a small portion of what all the bills come out to be. When living in an apartment the person has to pay their own bills and buy your own food. This means that they have to find somewhere that is affordable for them. Some apartments have bills like electricity, water, and sewer/garbage included in the rent. If the person needs help buying food they have a program out there that they can sign up for food stamps at the local social services office. They also have places that have food pantries that gives people a food basket. Some towns also have a place for people to go and eat like the Salvation Army or a church. This is one major difference of living at home versus living in an apartment. Another difference between living at home and living in an apartment is making sure the person has everything they need. When living at home with the person’s parents or whoever they live with, they already have or have bought all the necessities that they will need for a place like furniture, pots and pans, cleaning supplies, stuff for hygiene, etc. When a person is living in an apartment they have to buy everything that they are going to need for the apartment. That means that the person has to go out and buy their own furniture and everything else that they want for their place. A person can watch for garage sales or even go check out some thrift stores. The Salvation Army gives a person a voucher to go to their store and get some stuff for their new place if they have it in stock. They even help out with furniture to. Some stuff the person will probably want brand new like their silverware and dishes. Another difference between living at home and living in an apartment is all about how clean the place is. When someone lives at home or with whomever they live with they usually want their place nice and clean. They want everyone that lives there to help with the cleaning and to maintain a clean home. When a person lives in an apartment they are the one that decides when to clean the place. Also they are the one to decide how clean they want their place and if they are going to try and maintain a clean place. Some people like their house spotless while others don’t really care if their place is clean or not. Maintaining a clean home means a lot to others when they come over to visit. The final difference between living at home and living in an apartment is being independent. When a person is living at home they have rules to follow. Some rules may be easy to follow like cleaning up after oneself, help with the cooking, and maintain a job or go to school. Other rules may be harder to follow like if the person has a certain time to be home and if certain people that they hang out with are not allowed to be at the person’s house they are staying at because they don’t like or get along with them. When a person is living in an apartment they are on their own. They are the one that picks the rules. When living in an apartment a person can come and go as they please. Also they can do whatever they want. Just be careful when living in a person’s own apartment because some people go crazy and have all kinds of parties. If the neighbors call the cops the landlord has a right to evict them. If they get evicted it makes it hard for them to get an apartment the next time they are looking for one. In conclusion, everybody now has some of the differences between living at home and living in an apartment. It’s all up to them to decide if they want to stay living at home or move into an apartment. Everybody has their own way of thinking and choosing what they want to do. If they want to move into an apartment a person could keep an eye out for stuff they will need so they will have it by the time they move.

Analysis of film poster

The white In the centre makes you look at the tree just in front of the light, using it to draw attention. Although this image is strongly rooted, black is still used in the design a lot, which takes away a bit from the image of it as a death color, yet keeps its air of elegance and sophistication. In movies in particular, the dark color is used a lot in movies with horror or gothic themes, using our fear of the unknown and unexplored – the dark spaces we know nothing about – to promote their themes. So, these three mall color showing that the poster a sense of darkness and mystery, as well as a Mathew sickening feel to it.It's quite obviously a fantasy color palette, and it matches the genre of the movie and makes people focus on the intriguing picture in the middle. Key Image: The main image in the picture is of the back of the girl. The small girl is walking towards and standing In front of what look like an old time portal. The shadows and the shapes of lurching tre es surrounding on her. The girl looks as If she is wandering off into the unknown, showing that there's going to be some suspense and possibly scary parts in the movie. The large dark arches with the goblin face on hem also give off the essence of creepiness.She may be stepping into the unknown. Background: The poster as it includes a lot of the clear blue color of laser rays that are something of a staple of the genre. It Is a support by the environment the characters are In, space, adding the darkness and unknown element to the design. The edges of the picture are pitch dark, which means people are supposed to focus on the central image. Behind the title of the film can see that was a brazen, this may indicate that there is something on the other side. Realism: There is nothing realistic about the image on the poster except for a small RL standing at the bottom.Everything else in the poster looks to be pure fantasy. It does not look Like a photograph or picture. Therefore, It does n't have much realism Text Color: White provides a good contrast to strong colors, such as black and blue. It can be used in small amounts or large amounts without becoming too overpowering or overwhelming, a positive aspect of the color. The negative point is that it is the color associated with surrender and cowardliness as the symbol of surrender is a white flag. We can see that the main title, Pan's Labyrinth, is printed in dark brown with gold-rimmed lettering.The dark brown of the lettering contrasts with the bright white background, attracting the viewer to read it. The font is a classic looking, sophisticated lettering style, possibly showing that this labyrinth or story is timeworn. The ‘R' in the word ‘Labyrinth' carries on at the bottom into a branch, showing that the little girl could be entering the labyrinth, as it all entwines. It draws our eyes to it. Tagging: The tagging at the bottom of the poster says â€Å"Innocence has a power evil cannot imagine. à ¢â‚¬  The tagging tells you that this girl is walking into danger and that it's a film all about an innocent young girl facing evil.At the top of the poster, there is a quote saying â€Å"Beautiful and exhilarating†¦ A fairy tale for grown-ups† Because it is at the top of the poster, but smaller than the title, it should be the second thing that the viewer reads. Positive reviews and laurels on the posters will intrigue customers as they know that they can trust the professionals. Text Font: The font is a classic looking, sophisticated lettering style, possibly showing that this labyrinth or story is timeworn. The ‘R' in the word ‘Labyrinth' carries on at the OTTOMH into a branch, showing that the little girl could be entering the labyrinth, as it all entwines.The letter â€Å"R† has been Joined with the trees around the border of the poster, showing that the tree and the letter â€Å"R† were inseparably intertwined. Target Audience: The target audience of the movie poster for this movie would be fantasy lovers. Even though it looks pitch dark, perhaps many children as it has an element of mysterious adventure about the movie. There are three laurels from film festivals, including Cannes Film Festival and the New York Film Festival, which are tot immense festivals in the film business.It shows that the film has been the love by the harshest of critics and film experts. Reaction: In my opinion, I think this is a great poster, and it matches the film itself, its genre and its look very mystery. The cinematography and magic-realism is a visual treat, and the movie will leave people thinking of it for a long time. It is one of those films that only get better when it reattached again. It shows to people there will be an adventure, and although people don't know the significance of the small girl, people will assume she will be part of it.There ‘re lots to look at, but it's not overly busy. Layout: I like the layout of t his poster. It is very clever how the edges blackened around the poster. So people will only see the central image. When the people look in the centre, then gradually look further out, it notices the giant moon above what looks like a portal, people can see the trees and the gremlin or goblin type sculpture in the arch. It is very detailed, even the small print at the bottom has the details of everything, but the main focus of the layout is a small girl who standing on the bottom.

The Mongolian Liberation

The political turbulence of 1990, and the release of Mongolia from Soviet control along with the backdown of 1000s of Russian military personnels and armored combat vehicles, accordingly led to the gap of the floodgates that had been keeping back Mongolia’s long denied desire for independency and a distinguishable national individuality. At last, Mongols could advert the name of Genghis Khan, the male parent of the Mongolian state in public without fright of animadversion or prosecution, public involvement in Mongolian history surged. Now, Genghis Khan’s name and image can be seen everyplace in Mongolia, whether it be political imagination, the merchandising of goods or the naming of eating houses, Genghis Khan is an ineluctable figure in modern twenty-four hours Mongolia. This is in contrast to the old Soviet business which to a great extent restricted and attempted to eliminate popular worship of the Great Khan, â€Å"Genghis Khan was banished from Mongol lives†1. The visual aspect that is presented of Genghis Khan under Soviet business heightens the contrast between the Soviet and modern Mongolia. The effort to wipe out history is replaced by an overpowering sum of modern twenty-four hours recognition, congratulations and the hunt for the â€Å"true† yesteryear. The individuality of Genghis Khan has thrived on a greater graduated table so what was seen before the Soviet effort to eliminate him from history. The national individuality of the Mongolian people had awoken. However, did the ejection of Genghis Khan from mundane Mongolian life truly go on? While there is no uncertainty that the image and name of Genghis Khan was repressed, to what extent is a controversial subject of research for Mongol research workers2. In the ulterior periods of Soviet business ( 1970s ) , the historical function of Genghis Khan was described as â€Å"reactionary†3. The forming of the Mongol Empire and the major function he played in the history of the 13Thursdayand 14Thursdaycenturies were seen as a program to protect the involvements of the governing baronial category.4 However, this was non the lone representation of the Great Khan during this period, and multiple readings of this history exist.5The portraiture of Genghis Khan shifted throughout the Soviet business of Mongolia. But, this highlights an of import fact, that many Soviet-era history books reference or have whole subdivisions dedicated to Genghis Khan. Research into the function of Genghis Khan was even encouraged under the initial Soviet business, and many research documents did look in scholarly publications.6From this, it can be reasoned that Genghis Khan was discussed and researched during the Soviet period, which conflicts with what the Mongolian people now â€Å"remember† to hold been the instance. When people say that under the Soviet business there was a forced forgetting of Genghis Khan from public memory, this is merely non rectify. What the Mongolian people are mentioning to alternatively of an existent forgetting is the fact that there were limitations on the public worship of Genghis Khan and that they could non speak approximately him as they wished.6This is a critical differentiation. While Genghis Khan had a presence in Mongolia at the clip, the usage of his name in a public Centre was to a great extent censored and restricted. Then, as now, the image of Genghis Khan was manipulated by the Government to imple ment and modulate the political orientations of the Mongolian people.7 The documented grounds of the period, being dissimilar to the collective and single memory of the clip, reveals a much more complex image. It reveals, both in the past and present, a deliberate â€Å"remembering† of events that seems to follow the form of political and cultural expediences.8That is to state, Genghis Khan was a important remembered figure under Soviet business. Yet, one would presume that this should be known throughout modern Mongolia. A good starting point for understanding the differences between the memory and documented grounds is the manner in which people inaccurately assign all of the Soviet period ( 1924 to 1990 ) into one indistinguishable stretch. Phrases such as â€Å"the Soviet period† itself, as I have done even here. This collapsing of a period in history gives an wholly corrupt position of the period as it is assigned the Acts of the Apostless peculiar to the ulterior phases of the period ( 1975-1980 ) . The concluding decennaries of Soviet control are projected backwards over the full 80 old ages.9The political orientations of the authorities and people are assumed to hold been the instance throughout the period. This nevertheless, is far from what was really the instance. The Soviets hold on Mongolia was fragile at most times.10The major illustration of this can be seen in the incident of 1928, the authorities had begun to implement policies aimed at the speedy debut of communism. Private trade and private conveyance were out, at the same clip Mongolia ‘s farm animal economic system was to be collectivized, the feudal Lords were expropriated and the Buddhist church was targeted by inordinate revenue enhancements.11Unfortunately, the state-sponsored conveyance and trade organisations were non at all able to replace the old, private-owned webs, and disregard and misdirection in the new-founded collectives lead to the loss of 7 million caputs of farm animal, or one tierce of the 1929 degree. All this resulted non merely in a steady watercourse across the boundary line to Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, but besides the rebellion at Togsbuyant monastery of Uvsaimag, which lasted from March to May 1930. This rebellion led to the acceptance of a more broa d policy by the Soviet authorities.12 The Soviet period was characterised by major ideological alterations and Soviet efforts at entire control of Mongolia, frequently through barbarous and violent agencies. This nevertheless, was non the instance for all of the Soviet business.13While in between the old ages of 1928 and 1935 in peculiar saw an addition in force and subjugation, which in its aftermath, left a permanent fright in the Mongolian people, this alteration nevertheless, was non every bit drastic as the Soviets would hold liked, the civil war of the old year’s holding non been forgotten. Even in the 1950s, at least a few of Mongolia’s taking functionaries were in private rehearsing the worship of Genghis Khan.14The Soviet authorities was successful in presenting new policy and transfusing fright in the Mongols, However the entire conquering of Mongolia and the achievement of greater workss, from a Soviets point of position, would take much longer.15As will be seen, Genghis Khan was actively studied and researched during the Soviet business of Mongolia. A bibliography published in theHarvard Journal of Asiatic Surveiesin 1986 shows that books touching on Genghis Khan were published throughout the early Soviet old ages.16The first one listed being TheMongol Empire in the clip of Genghis Khanwhich was published in 1932 and so republished in 1942.17Other such plants were published throughout the earlier periods of Soviet business, including a transcript of the Mongolian historyGolden Summary, published in 1923 which mostly matches what is written in the history,The Secret Historyalthough written with a Buddhist angle. In the secret history it said that, â€Å"Temujin was born with a fate ordained from Heaven above† Temujin being the birth name of Genghis Khan. Similarly in theGolden Summary â€Å"sanctum Temujin†is portrayed as a prophesier of Buddha sent to convey an terminal to â€Å"earthly suffering† of all life animals. It is clear that in neither of these histories is at that place anything that would propose a Soviet influence.18All of the texts from the early decennaries of Soviet business that I have been able to research hold no mark of any effort to render a Marxist history of Mongolian history. In fact legion texts have a wholly opposite position of Genghis Khan so one would anticipate from a Soviet-era text. John Boyle in his book Genghis Khan: The History of the World-Conquer mentions one text published in 1928,Siditu Kegur-un Uligerwhich compares Genghis Khan to a â€Å"reincarnated god† as his usage of military tactics and cognition were greater than any â€Å"mortal† . The text is mostly celebratory of Genghis Khans accomplishments, â€Å"40 provinces were destroyed, and 55 provinces of Xiya were established† and â€Å"Genghis Khans magnificent personal businesss were many.†19The day of the month that this text was published is peculiarly notable, as it is preceded by merely a few months after the crisp bend in authorities policy and the terminal o f the civil war in 1930. All the grounds shown above suggests a positive position of Genghis Khan and an active involvement in Mongolian history during the early period of Soviet business of Mongolia. This is backed up further by the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party ( MAN ) naming for a more in deepness survey of Genghis Khan in 1923.20 If Genghis Khan was written about during the period that encompasses the Soviet business of Mongolia, and rather extensively, so possibly the â€Å"forced forgetting† that the Mongolia people refer to is the eviction of Genghis Khan from Centres of larning? Many of the paperss published would non hold been read by the larger public. However, this is non the instance. A school text edition which had to be approved by the Ministry of Education, published in 1962 while harsh in the disapprobation of his achievements, â€Å"Kiev had been a really big and thickly populated town, but now it has been reduced about to nil, for there are at the present clip scarce two 100 houses at that place and the dwellers are kept in complete slavery.†21This history of Genghis Khan is comparatively unvarying in all text editions of the period.22However, one can non presume that Genghis Khan was taught in the schoolroom, it is believable that the establishment may hold omitted Genghis Khan fr om the course of study in fright of reprisal. Nevertheless, the fact that Genghis Khan is still present in an officially sanctioned text edition regardless of the manner he is presented or even if it was taught, is important. Genghis Khan continues to look in text editions published up until the political turbulence of 1990.23 While it non possible to wholly estimate the reactions of the Mongolian populace to the texts I have researched. What can be known is the simple fact that Genghis Khan was researched and written about during the Soviet business of Mongolia and non â€Å"forgotten† contrary to what is now acknowledged by the Mongolian people. And it was non until 1940 that the Soviet restraints on the worship of Genghis Khan became official policy.24Furthermore, even after this period, there is no grounds of a large-scale effort to wipe out him from the memory of the people, or from history wholly. However, there were cases where history was changed or omitted, as seen from the text editions of the period, and names of of import figures changed if they were seen as being ideologically suspect. While it is unrealistic to presume an full period can be â€Å"struck† from history, the position Genghis Khan was given by Soviet authorities was unneeded if they genuinely wanted to take him from history. While it is true that Genghis Khan’s image and name were censored throughout the period, the attending, whether it is negative or positive, was still unneeded attending. Because the Soviets attempted to take the redemptive qualities of Genghis Khan, they merely brought him closer to the public oculus, â€Å"Revolutionaries are merely revolutionists so long as there is something or person to be against.†25An illustration of this can be seen in the events taking up to the 1962, the hard-on of a memorial at Genghis Khans supposed birth topographic point and a conference held in memorialization for his 800th birthday led to unfavorable judgment from the Soviet Union and the dismissal of Tomor-Ochir, a secretary of the opinion Mongolian People ‘s Revolutionary Party Central Committee. The fact that this event was premeditated and had gained official blessing is indicant that Genghis Khan was still present in Mongolia during that period.

Innate vs Learnt Behaviour

In your own words, detail for' and ‘against' arguments with regard to innate and learned behavior. Feel free to include your own opinion, but be sure to Justify It. Try to Include equal amount of Information for both sides. Use at least 500 words for your answer. Answer: The innate verses learnt or nature verses nurture argument is a subject that has been theorized and debated by scientists, psychologists and philosophers for hundreds of years. It Is a question that can be dated back as early as 350 BC where philosophers Plato and Aristotle had different views on whether it was nature or nurture which shaped individual behaviors.Plato believed knowledge and behavior to be innate. He theorized that all knowledge was present at birth and the environment played a unique part in shaping us. In his opinion the environment did not teach us anything we weren't born with and that Its purpose was merely to remind us of Information we already knew. Aristotle on the other hand theorized t hat behavior and knowledge had to be learnt and that we were born as tabular Rasa' or blank slate and our behavior, thoughts and actions were learnt and acquired through experiences.Although nether Plato or Aristotle theories are supported today It Is still debated hat shapes us In the people we become. Is nature or is it nurture? What is innate behavior or viewed as nature? Innate behavior is a fixed, unchangeable, untaught-of, natural behavior, which is instinctive and are born with. Behavior that is inherited or passed on through genes. Things such as reflexes are Innate behavior; a reflex Is an involuntary automatic response to a certain stimulus.Those who believe we are shaped by nature are known as nativities. Examples of innate behavior are the moor or falling reflex, the moor reflex is any sudden movement that affect the baby's neck, giving them the feeling of falling or Ewing dropped. The baby's innate reaction to this is to open their arms out wide, opening up their hands before bringing them back In to their chest almost as if to catch an object. The grasp reflex, whenever an object or fingers touches the palm of a baby's hand they will automatically grasp or grab It.The swallowing and sucking reflex, if you place something, even a finger in to the baby's mouth they will automatically suck and swallow, babies are also known to sometimes suck their fingers or thumbs whilst still in the womb, this is an instinctive reflex, something needed to survive. There are many other reflexes including blinking, breathing, sneezing and coughing. With the ability to instinctively know how to make nests, what is needed to do this and to carry the materials required to do this in their beaks.Sea turtles despite hatching on land instinctively know to head straight for the water and have the ability to swim. A very complex innate behavior can be seen in chickens. Having kept chickens since a child myself vast differences can be seen in battery hens and free range hens . Imagine this battery hens never get the opportunity to see daylight, stretch their inns, take a dust bath or forage in the dirt for worms and bugs, unlike free range hens. Yet on removing hens from the battery and giving them the gift and opportunity of a free range lifestyle, all of the natural instincts return immediately.They have always been there Just merely suppressed. Other more complex innate or instinctive behavior in animals can include hibernation and migration. Learnt behavior on the other hand or nurture is something we are not born with but which we are taught by parents, peers, teachers and can be influenced by social and environmental factors we are exposed to. These behaviors unlike innate behavior are not fixed, but flexible and can be changed at any time. Those who believe it is learnt behavior that shapes us are known as empiricists.Learnt behavior is very complex and can display itself in so many guises and can also vary diversely from one culture to another. Take for example the Europeans and the primitive mammas tribes of Africa. In Europe hunting is considered a sport whereas to the mammas tribes hunting is a necessity and way of life. Without hunting they would not be able to feed, clothe or provide for their families. To them hunting s learnt at a very young age unlike the Europeans who have the convenience of shops and no longer require learning this skill.Learnt behavior can be both good and bad, in the respect that with children a lot of learning is through copying, what they see and listen to and what they are being told about what is going on in their environment surrounding them. The good thing with learnt behavior that if it is bad such as swearing or answering back it can be rectified and changed unlike innate behavior. The body and brain combined are an amazing combination as to how it co-ordinates s, and throughout our lives we will never stop learning. Examples of learnt behavior in children include, walking, talking, lis tening, potty training to mention just a few.Babies usually makes attempts to walk from around 12 – 14 months although prior to this they have already mastered the art to get from one place to another or where they want to be. From 6 months babies may start to shuffle across the room on their bums, or lay on their front with their legs in the air trying to work out how to crawl. From 9 months babies are able to wriggle along the floor on their tummies or even rail, and by 12 months they are making attempts to walk and may even be able to when holding someone's hand. Rods are said and pronounced around them. The path to talking begins as early as 2 – 4 months when babies start to make ooh and ah sounds of pleasure. Between months 4 and 9 babies start cooing and babbling, then from 9 months they begin to point to things and vocalism with some meaning although the pronunciations is not quite there yet, by 12 – 18 months single words begin to emerge with some clarit y words such as mama or dada. Then from 18 – 24 months basic phrases and ententes start to develop with sayings like teddy gone'?From 24 months sentences begin to emerge with real meaning instead of teddy gone' it becomes Where's teddy gone'. Finally from 4 years onwards children have the same language comprehension as an adult although with basic and limited vocabulary. Some children by this age are also bilingual having parents of a different nationality are able to speak English and a foreign language having been used t hearing it during the formative years. Hearing is developmental milestone that begins whilst babies are still in the womb.From around 24 weeks gestation babies have the ability to hear sounds in the outside world, by 32 weeks they will have the ability to recognize a piece of music and move around to the beat, they are also likely to recognize the piece of music after birth. This is how we learn to listen by hearing things over and over again and through li stening to noises and people talking. Many learnt skills as a child are achieved by repetition. Although this all looks quite simple and clear cut there are problems with viewing behavior as either innate or learnt.It is relatively easy to view a singular aspect of a arson's behavior as either innate or learnt for example, hearing is innate and listening is learnt, but it would be impossible to categories a person as a whole as either innate or learnt. The main problem with trying to view behavior as either one or the other is that there are no specific scientific tests which can be carried out, and it would be practically impossible to set up such tests as people's perceptions of things are different.This would create different test results with one person viewing one thing and in the others professional opinion it could be completely different. There is also he fact that it would be seen as unethical to test such things. It has in previous years been attempted to research identica l twins, although being identical and having the same upbringing, they are unable to account for environmental and social factors, as these may be different for both of them. One spending time with one group of people going to one set of places and areas.Whilst the other twin who has a completely different group of friends, going to other places. You would also have to bear in mind the media factors the people are exposed to such as television, radio, gaming stations, the internet. It would therefore make it ritually impossible to agree whether it was nature or nurture that shaped them as individuals. Shapes us in our development from infant t o adulthood along with environmental and social factors all playing a part.Social factors may include one parent families, adopters, or where you are brought up. It is also my belief that many media factors also have a hand in what we learn things as mentioned earlier like television, internet, gaming machines, mobile phones, music, and mobile phones. I also think the social dynamics of the family also play a part too depending on what sort of upbringing you have, and who or what you learning from.